RESOURCES
POWERPOINTS
MENTAL HEALTH & DISORDERS
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SPECIFIC PHOBIA
| specific_phobia_1.pptx |
| specific_phobia_2.pptx |
MENTAL HEALTH MAINTENANCE
| mental_health_maintenance_1.pptx |
LEARNING ACTIVITIES/REVISION
| Table comparing mentally healthy, state and problem |
| Table summarising biological risk factors |
| Table summarising psychological risk factors |
| Table summarising social risk factors |
| Table summarising biological factors - phobia |
| Table summarising psychological factors - phobia |
| Table summarising social factors - phobia |
| Table summarising protective factors for mental health.docx |
| Table summarising interventions for phobia |
LEARNING ACTIVITY ANSWERS
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KEY KNOWLEDGE
MENTAL HEALTH
- mental health as a continuum (mentally healthy, mental health problems, mental disorders) influenced by internal and external factors that can fluctuate over time
- the typical characteristics of a mentally healthy person, including high levels of functioning, social and emotional wellbeing and resilience to life’s stressors
- ethical implications in the study of, and research into, mental health, including informed consent and use of placebo treatments.
MENTAL DISORDER
- the distinction between predisposing risk factors (increase susceptibility), precipitating risk factors (increase susceptibility and contribute to occurrence), perpetuating risk factors (inhibit recovery) and protective factors (prevent occurrence or re-occurrence)
- the influence of biological risk factors including genetic vulnerability to specific disorders, poor response to medication due to genetic factors, poor sleep and substance use
- the influence of psychological risk factors including rumination, impaired reasoning and memory, stress and poor self-efficacy
- the influence of social risk factors including disorganised attachment, loss of a significant relationship and the role of stigma as a barrier to accessing treatment
- the concept of cumulative risk.
SPECIFIC PHOBIA
- the distinctions between stress, phobia and anxiety; variation for individuals with stress, phobia and anxiety on a mental health continuum
- the relative influences of contributing factors to the development of specific phobia with reference to gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) dysfunction, the role of
stress response and long-term potentiation (biological); behavioural models involving precipitation by classical conditioning and perpetuation by operant conditioning, cognitive bias including memory bias and catastrophic thinking (psychological); specific environmental triggers and stigma around seeking treatment (social) - evidence-based interventions and their use for specific phobia with reference to the use of short-acting anti- anxiety benzodiazepine agents (gamma amino butyric acid [GABA] agonists) in the management of phobic anxiety and relaxation techniques including breathing retraining and exercise (biological); the use of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and systematic desensitisation as psychotherapeutic treatments of phobia (psychological); psychoeducation for families/supporters with reference to challenging unrealistic or anxious thoughts and not encouraging avoidance behaviours (social).
MAINTENANCE OF MENTAL HEALTH
- resilience as a positive adaptation to adversity including the relative influence of protective factors with reference to: adequate diet and sleep (biological); cognitive behavioural strategies (psychological); support from family, friends and community (social)
- models of behaviour change with reference to the transtheoretical model including the stages of pre- contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance/relapse.
KEY TERMS
MENTAL HEALTH
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biopsychosocial model (applied to mental health) p. 478
continuum p. 474 emotional wellbeing p. 482 external factor p. 477 functioning p. 479 high level of emotional wellbeing p. 482 |
high level of functioning p. 480
high level of social wellbeing p. 481 informed consent p. 485 internal factor p. 477 mental disorder p. 475 mental health p. 474 |
mental health problem p. 475 mentally healthy p. 474
placebo treatment p. 486 resilience p. 482 social wellbeing p. 481 wellbeing p. 481 |
MENTAL DISORDER
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4P factor model p. 497
additive model (cumulative risk) p. 519 attachment p. 513 biological risk factor p. 499 cumulative risk p. 519 disorganised attachment p. 513 genetic vulnerability p. 499 loss of a significant relationship p. 515 |
perpetuating risk factor p. 498
poor response to medication p. 501 poor sleep p. 503 precipitating risk factor p. 498 predisposing risk factor p. 498 protective factor pp. 497, 498 reasoning p. 507 risk factor p. 497 rumination p. 506 |
self-efficacy p. 511
self-stigma p. 516 social risk factor p. 513 social stigma p. 516 stigma p. 516 substance use p. 504 susceptibility p. 498 threshold model (cumulative risk) p. 519 vulnerability p. 499 |
SPECIFIC PHOBIA
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agonist p. 548
anticipatory anxiety p. 535 anxiety p. 531 anxious thoughts p. 557 avoidance behaviour p. 551 behavioural model p. 540 benzodiazepine p. 547 breathing retraining p. 550 catastrophic thinking p. 543 cognitive behavioural therapy (applied to specific phobia) p. 551 cognitive bias p. 542 |
cognitive models p. 542
evidence-based interventions p. 547 fear hierarchy p. 553 gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) p. 537 gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) dysfunction p. 537 long-term potentiation p. 536 memory bias p. 543 mental health continuum p. 532 panic attack p. 534 phobia p. 531 |
phobic anxiety p. 538
psychoeducation p. 556 relaxation technique p. 552 short-acting p. 548 specific environmental trigger p. 545 specific phobia p. 534 stigma p. 545 stress p. 531 stress response p. 534 systematic desensitisation p. 552 two-factor learning theory p. 540 unrealistic thoughts p. 557 |
MAINTENANCE OF MENTAL HEALTH
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action stage p. 584
adequate diet p. 571 adequate sleep p. 574 behavioural technique p. 575 cognitive behavioural strategy p. 575 |
cognitive restructuring p. 575
contemplation stage p. 586 maintenance stage p. 585 pre-contemplation stage p. 586 preparation stage p. 584 |
relapse p. 584
resilience p. 568 social support p. 579 transtheoretical model of behaviour change p. 582 |
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
MENTAL HEALTH
Explain the difference between mentally healthy, mental health problem and mental disorder. 3 marks.
What are characteristics of a mentally healthy person? 2 marks.
What are characteristics of someone with a mental disorder? 2 marks.
Explain the difference between internal and external factors that can influence mental health. 2 marks
Identify and explain psychological, biological and social factors that can influence mental health. 6 marks.
What is the biopsychosocial model? 1 mark.
What does functioning refer to? 1 mark.
Define (3 marks).
a) wellbeing
b) social wellbeing
c) high level of social wellbeing.
d) emotional wellbeing
e) high level of emotional wellbeing
Define resilience. 2 marks.
Define informed choice. 2 marks.
Define placebo treatments and explain why and how they may be used. 3 marks.
What are characteristics of a mentally healthy person? 2 marks.
What are characteristics of someone with a mental disorder? 2 marks.
Explain the difference between internal and external factors that can influence mental health. 2 marks
Identify and explain psychological, biological and social factors that can influence mental health. 6 marks.
What is the biopsychosocial model? 1 mark.
What does functioning refer to? 1 mark.
Define (3 marks).
a) wellbeing
b) social wellbeing
c) high level of social wellbeing.
d) emotional wellbeing
e) high level of emotional wellbeing
Define resilience. 2 marks.
Define informed choice. 2 marks.
Define placebo treatments and explain why and how they may be used. 3 marks.
MENTAL DISORDERS
What is a risk factor? (General definition) 1 mark.
Explain the 4P factor model. (Definition of'4P factor model' plus list 4Ps) 5 marks.
TABLE - Draw a table of the 4P factor model and list biological, psychological and social factors for each P (see page 497). 9 marks.
Define each of the 4Ps. 4 marks.
Describe the relationship between the 4P factor and biopsychosocial models in relation to mental health. 3 marks.
Define biological risk factors. 1 mark
Define genetic vulnerability. 1 mark.
What is evidence of genetic vulnerability with schizophrenia? 3 marks.
Define and explain poor response to medication and give 3 factors that can influence this. 5 marks.
Define substance use and explain how that can be a biological risk factor. 3 marks.
TABLE - On page 505 there is a table you can complete to summarise biological risk factors.
FLOW CHART - Make a flow chart of the biological risk factors.
Define psychological risk factors. 1 mark
Define rumination and explain how that can be a psychological risk factor. 3 marks.
Explain impaired reasoning and memory. 2 marks.
Define reasoning and explain it in relation to impaired reasoning. Give an example of 2 types of impaired reasoning. 4 marks.
Define impaired memory and explain how that can be a psychological risk factor. 3 marks.
Explain stress and how it can be a psychological risk factor. 2 marks. What is the stress-vulnerability model?
Define self-efficacy and explain how that can be a psychological risk factor. 3 marks.
TABLE - On page 512 there is a table you can complete to summarise psychological risk factors.
FLOW CHART - Make a flow chart of the psychological risk factors.
Define social risk factors. 1 mark
Define attachment and disorganised attachment. Explain how disorganised attachment is a social risk factor for mental health disorders. 4 marks.
Explain how loss of a significant relationship can be a social risk factor. 2 marks.
Define stigma, social stigma and self-stigma. Explain the difference. 3 marks.
TABLE - On page 520 there is a table you can complete to summarise social risk factors.
FLOW CHART - Make a flow chart of the social risk factors.
Define cumulative risk. 2 marks.
Explain the 4P factor model. (Definition of'4P factor model' plus list 4Ps) 5 marks.
TABLE - Draw a table of the 4P factor model and list biological, psychological and social factors for each P (see page 497). 9 marks.
Define each of the 4Ps. 4 marks.
Describe the relationship between the 4P factor and biopsychosocial models in relation to mental health. 3 marks.
Define biological risk factors. 1 mark
Define genetic vulnerability. 1 mark.
What is evidence of genetic vulnerability with schizophrenia? 3 marks.
Define and explain poor response to medication and give 3 factors that can influence this. 5 marks.
Define substance use and explain how that can be a biological risk factor. 3 marks.
TABLE - On page 505 there is a table you can complete to summarise biological risk factors.
FLOW CHART - Make a flow chart of the biological risk factors.
Define psychological risk factors. 1 mark
Define rumination and explain how that can be a psychological risk factor. 3 marks.
Explain impaired reasoning and memory. 2 marks.
Define reasoning and explain it in relation to impaired reasoning. Give an example of 2 types of impaired reasoning. 4 marks.
Define impaired memory and explain how that can be a psychological risk factor. 3 marks.
Explain stress and how it can be a psychological risk factor. 2 marks. What is the stress-vulnerability model?
Define self-efficacy and explain how that can be a psychological risk factor. 3 marks.
TABLE - On page 512 there is a table you can complete to summarise psychological risk factors.
FLOW CHART - Make a flow chart of the psychological risk factors.
Define social risk factors. 1 mark
Define attachment and disorganised attachment. Explain how disorganised attachment is a social risk factor for mental health disorders. 4 marks.
Explain how loss of a significant relationship can be a social risk factor. 2 marks.
Define stigma, social stigma and self-stigma. Explain the difference. 3 marks.
TABLE - On page 520 there is a table you can complete to summarise social risk factors.
FLOW CHART - Make a flow chart of the social risk factors.
Define cumulative risk. 2 marks.
SPECIFIC PHOBIA
Explain the difference between stress and anxiety. 2 marks.
Define phobia. 1 mark.
Define specific phobia. 2 marks
Define the stress response. 1 mark.
Define a panic attack and list 3 of the symptoms. 4 marks.
Define anticipatory anxiety and give an example of how and when it may occur. 2 marks.
List the biological contributing factors. 3 marks.
What is GABA? 2 marks.
What is GABA dysfunction? 2 marks.
What role does the stress response play in phobic anxiety? 2 marks.
How does LTP relate to specific phobia? 3 marks.
TABLE - On page 540 there is a table you can complete to summarise biological contributing factors.
FLOW CHART - Make a flow chart of the biological contributing factors.
According to behavioural models, how are phobias learned? 1 mark.
What is the two-factor learning theory? 2 marks.
How may classical conditioning precipitate a phobia? 3 marks.
How may operant conditioning perpetuate a phobia? 3 marks.
How do cognitive models explain how a specific phobia may be acquired? 1 mark.
Define cognitive bias. 1 mark.
Define memory bias and the two types. 3 marks.
Define catastrophic thinking with an example. 2 marks.
TABLE - On page 544 there is a table you can complete to summarise psychological contributing factors.
FLOW CHART - Make a flow chart of the psychological contributing factors. Break them up into behavioural and cognitive.
What are specific environmental triggers and how may they contribute to specific phobia? 2 marks.
How may stigma around seeking treatment contribute to a specific phobia? 2 marks.
TABLE - Make a table to summarise social contributing factors.
FLOW CHART - Make a flow chart of the social contributing factors
Define evidence-based interventions. 2 mark.
How may benzodiazepines be used to treat specific phobia? 3 marks.
Define agonists. 1 mark.
What does short-acting mean? 1 mark.
What are two relaxation techniques to deal with phobic anxiety? 2 marks.
Define and explain breathing retraining. 4 marks.
Explain how exercise may be used to deal with phobic anxiety? 2 marks.
Define and explain cognitive-behavioural-therapy (CBT). 2 marks.
Define avoidance behaviour. 1 mark.
Define systematic desensitisation and explain how it may be used to treat a phobia of heights (go through the stages). 5 marks.
Include this in your above answer, but also, define fear hierarchy. 1 mark.
Define psychoeducation. 1 mark.
Explain how psychoeducation may be used to challenge anxious and unrealistic thoughts with an example. 4 marks.
Explain the role of not encouraging avoidance behaviour in the treatment of specific phobia. 2 marks.
TABLE - On page 560 there is a table summarising the interventions for the treatment of a specific phobia.
FLOW CHART - Make a flow chart of the treatments.
MAINTENANCE OF MENTAL HEALTH
Define resilience and list 4 characteristics/attributes of resilient people. 5 marks.
Biological
Explain how an adequate diet may help to maintain mental health. 3 marks.
Explain how adequate sleep may help to maintain mental health. 3 marks.
Psychological
Explain a cognitive and a behavioural technique that are part of cognitive behavioural strategies for maintaining mental health (define all 3). 6 marks.
Social
Define social support and the 4 different types. 10 marks.
Define the transtheoretical model of behaviour change. 2 marks.
Define and explain each stage including: (4 marks for each stage).
- any timelines associated
- any thoughts they may think
- how to know when a person is ready to leave that stage.
List three strengths of the model. 3 marks.
List three limitations of the model. 3 marks.
Biological
Explain how an adequate diet may help to maintain mental health. 3 marks.
Explain how adequate sleep may help to maintain mental health. 3 marks.
Psychological
Explain a cognitive and a behavioural technique that are part of cognitive behavioural strategies for maintaining mental health (define all 3). 6 marks.
Social
Define social support and the 4 different types. 10 marks.
Define the transtheoretical model of behaviour change. 2 marks.
Define and explain each stage including: (4 marks for each stage).
- any timelines associated
- any thoughts they may think
- how to know when a person is ready to leave that stage.
List three strengths of the model. 3 marks.
List three limitations of the model. 3 marks.
